Dalkon Shield Case Study Paper - 2522 Words

The Dalkon Shield Case Study Report Abstract The case study involving A.H. Robins Company will discuss blatant lack of due diligence of the product Dalkon Shield. Ignoring appropriate measures to ensure safety or the product along with misleading aggressive promotional strategies and literature show the malicious intent of the company for short-term profits, despite the fatal and devastating impacts on the public. The Dalkon Shield Case Study Report Unethical Practices As inventors, Davis and Lerner, at first were following protocol by developing, testing, distributing, and refining their product to a small controlled portion of the public with good faith and due diligence along with documenting their studies and recording†¦show more content†¦As a company of such knowledge, skill, and practices, it was not a surprise to find that they desired to enter the demanding market of birth control. This is especially true with the safety issues with the birth control pill such as, blood clots. So when the Dalkon Shield came into to market for purchase it is understandable that they were interested in an attractive alternative, and there was a vast opportunity there. This new product was not just supposed to be a safer alternative, but it essentially could replace the oral contraceptive all together when deemed as a safer, no side effect, type of product. Robins Company’s anxiousness should not have misplaced the appropriate procedural testing of the Shield, especially since this was an entirely new product line for them. First, this is a product that is going inside of the human body, and was barely past experimental stages. Secondly, Robins has absolutely no confirmation on the consistency of Davis and Lender’s original test results and statistics. Any sound business decision, especially in acquisition as such, the purchaser would obtain their own independent testing, to confirm this was stable, reliable, move the company. It seems as though Robins just to the word of the originator and ran towards short-term profits without even glances at the overall soundness of the decisions he was making or their consequences. The Robins Company shouldShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Birth Control On American Women s Lives3041 Words   |  13 Pagesdevelopment, and secure well-paid jobs in areas that were previously dominated by men. T he pill has also improved family relationships and prevented abuse and marriage dissolutions. This paper explores the history of birth control methods in the US and how the pill became available on a large scale to women. The paper further examines how the pills has given women the freedom to advance their careers, strengthen the marriage relationships, and participate in the workforce. A Brief History of Birth ControlRead MoreCritical Thinking Essay in Comparative Business Ethics5101 Words   |  21 Pagesoccurring. Activity 4 – Conformity Bias 1. Introduction Written and Narrated by Professor Robert Prentice Parents seldom accept as an excuse their child’s plea of Hey everyone else is doing it. However, psychological studies demonstrate that those same parents, and everyone else, tend to take their cues for proper behaviour in most social contexts from the actions of others. This pressure is called the conformity bias. Psychologist Solomon Asch found that when he askedRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pages page: 38-41 Appendices Appendix 1: The Freedom Programme page: 42 Appendix 2: Stockton Doves page: 43 Appendix 3: Example Questions page: 44 Appendix 4: Information Sheet page: 45 Appendix 5: Consent Form: Study 1 page: 46 Appendix 6: Consent Form: Study 2 page: 47 Appendix 7: Example of transcribed Interview page: 48-55 Abstract Domestic violence is defined in many ways and is subject to many stereotypical and false presumptions that contribute to the stigmatisationRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pages100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on population growth 186-187 Drug and drug abuse 188-191 Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

In Today’S World There Is A Huge Debate Going On About

In today’s World there is a huge debate going on about the creation of jobs and GDP or environmental issues and clean energy. Approximately 59% of voting Americans think that job creation is more important than the protection of the environment. This number is very alarming considering that there has been several studies conducted showing that our continued use of fossil fuels has been damaging the environment at an alarming rate. In order to fix this problem, a transition from these fossil fuels to cleaner energy is necessary. Clean energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy, or anything else that includes an inexhaustible resource. These sources of energy would effectively produce significantly less†¦show more content†¦Many people are concerned that switching to clean energy will take away too many jobs surrounding fossil fuel energy. While there definitely will be job loss, it is believed that the job creation in the renewable en ergy sector will considerably outnumber the losses in the fossil fuels sector. Clean energy has the potential to bring massive amounts of job creation to our economy. It creates about three times as many jobs as fossil fuel energy does at the same level of spending. Job creation in the U.S. through $1 million in spending for clean energy yields about 17 jobs versus only 5 jobs created in the fossil fuel sector .This clearly shows how weak of a job creation source the fossil fuel sector is and how strong the renewable energy sector is. There are three categories of jobs that could be created in the clean energy sector: direct, indirect, and induced job creation. Direct jobs would include people that assemble wind turbines or set up solar panels. Indirect jobs would be businesses that supply goods and services to the primary activity like people who supply parts to the turbine assemblers. And finally, induced jobs would include jobs that branch off of the wages earned by direct and indirect workers. This would include businesses such as a food service firm positioned at a solar panel work site. Each kind of renewable energy—like solar power, wind power, etc.—have direct, indirect, and induced jobs affiliated with it. Most of this jobShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Gun Control in the United States Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pages owing a gun is a double edge sword in today’s world. The reason is that with the sudden increase in gun violence more people have beganbegun to become anti-gun. The government does help by passing laws which will not allow certain people to own or buy guns. The problem with that type of situation is that those people can still own guns by going through a third party in order to receive a gun. Gun control is and always will be a key issue in today’s world. 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AAA Framework for Toyota Motor Corporation Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the AAA Framework for Toyota Motor Corporation. Answer: Introduction Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the most successful automobile manufacturing company of Japan. As stated in Toyota motor corporation global Website(2009),in the year 2016, it has been ranked as the 13th largest automotive manufacturing company. It is quite important for such a renowned company to integrate various operational strategies in order to maintain its position. One of the most important strategical framework , that was initiated by Pankaj Ghemawat, is the AAA strategy (Ghemawat 2015). It helps in analysing the strategies related to adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage of a company. In this report, the AAA framework for the Toyota company would be analysed. Adaptation Toyota is a global company, that has its manufacturing units all over the world. Toyota has manufactured various luxury, comfort, and SUV cars. Being an international company, Toyota has been successful in achieving accelerated demand with its high quality products. The company has been segregating its market in accordance to the demand and thereby helps in fulfilling the needs of the customers. The company has adapted various engineering developments along with technological enhancement, that thereby helps the company to build their car models as per the current demand of the people (Collis 2015). Yaris, Corolla, RAV4, Fortuner, Tacoma, Sienna are some of the well known models of the company. Aggregation Toyota very successfully acknowledges the cultures of the countries where it operates. This helps the company to perform well, raise its sales and revenues generated from manufacturing different automobiles. This feature, thereby, provides the long run scope for the company. Being an international company, Toyota has been successfully acquiring various mergers and acquisitions that has enables the company to lower its cost of manufacturing its products (Das and Dutta 2012). This has raised the level of both investments and revenues, and has managed to attract customers towards the company. The company successfully conducts various geographical, administrative and economical aggregation that helps in implementing successful expansion of the company. Arbitrage Toyota performs cultural arbitrage that helps in enduring the cultures of various countries where it operates. It accesses the needs accordingly and results in manufacturing better cars, improving the quality of the company (Collis 2015). It promotes geographical arbitrage by promoting its products across the borders. By abiding the legal and administrative arbitrage of all its operational companies, Toyota successfully keeps a check on the risk management related to the company. Conclusion The AAA triangle proposition generated by Pankaj Ghemawat is one of the vital framework that consists of adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage strategies of a company (Ghemawat 2015). In this report the AAA framework for the Toyota automobile manufacturing company has been conducted, that helps in providing a clear view of how the company proposes various policies in accordance with these three elements, thereby, enhancing the growth of the company. References Collis, D.J., 2015. The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 29-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Das, D. and Dutta, P., 2012. A system dynamics framework for an integrated forward-reverse supply chain with fuzzy demand and fuzzy collection rate under possibility constraints.framework,8, p.9. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Toyota motor corporation global website. (2009). Toyota motor corporation global website. [online] Available at: https://www.toyota-global.com/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016].

Research Methodology and Statistical Techniques Operations Research

Question 1 a) The following data represent the number of years patients survived after being diagnosed with terminal cancer: 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.2, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 4.0, 4.5, 4.6 (i) Construct a stem-and-leaf display (6 marks) (ii) Supposedly you are inserting the above stem-and-leaf display in a report to be submitted to management, write a short comment on the diagram.(4 marks) b) The following data shows the weight (in kg) of 13 crabs found in a restaurant on a particular evening: 3.4 1.2 1.7 2.4 2.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.7 1.2 1.3 (i) Compute the mean and median. (3 marks) (ii) Determine the shape of the distribution based on the sample data. Explain your conclusion. (2 marks) 2 (a) It is noted that 8% of Kaplan students are left handed. If 20 (TWENTY) students are randomly selected, calculate the probability that none of them are left-handed, (2 marks) probability that at most 2 are left-handed, (3 marks) iii. standard deviation for the number of left-handed students (2 marks) (b) If 50 (FIFTY) classes of 20 (TWENTY) students are randomly selected, what is the probability that 10 (TEN) classes have no left-handed students? (3 marks) 3 (a) Superior Construction Pte Ltd is a successful company dealing with many major projects in Singapore. Recently, it has submitted its biddings for two major Government projects. Project A worth about $120 million and the company believes it has 40% chance of securing the project. Project B worth $1.8 billion and there is 30% chance the company can win the project. Both projects are independent of each other. What is the probability that the company: will secure Project A or B but not both (3 marks) will not secure Project A or will not secure Project B (3 marks) (b) Do you agree that if two events are mutually exclusive then these two events will be independent? Why? (5 marks) (c) Provide one business-related example each, with explanation, for mutually exclusive and independent events. (4 marks) Answer: 1 (i) Based on the given data, the stem and leaf plot is as drawn below (Hillier, 2006). Stem Leaf 0 4,5,6,6,6,8,8,9,9,9 1 2,2,3,4 2 1,4,5 4 0,5,6 Key: 0l6 = 0.6 (ii) The above plot suggests that 50% of the patients could not even survive for a year. Besides, the maximum life for a cancer patient post diagnosis based on the given sample is 4.6 years. Only three patients i.e. 15% of the sample size survived for a period in excess of four years. Thus, from the available sample data, it may be concluded that post diagnosis also, the terminal cancer patients do not survive for long which implies that most of them are detected at the last stage. The patient data above is skewed towards the left and hence is negative skewed which implies that the above distribution is non-normal. (Gupta, 2008). (b) (i) Mean = Sum of data/Count of data values = 19.9/13 = 1.531 kg The data values given count to 13 and hence median value is captured by [(13+1)/2]th value which comes out to be the 7th value when the given data is organised in ascending or descending order. The 7th value when the data is arranged in ascending order is 1.2 kg which is the median value. From the above calculation, it is apparent that the given distribution is not normal as the median value does not coincide with that of the mean. Besides, as the datas mean is higher than the corresponding median, thus the data would be skewed towards the right and the presence of this skew further indicates the non-normal nature of the data (Jackson, 2012). 2. Probability of left land usage by the usage is 0.08 since only 8% of the students use their left hands. The given question considers a binomial distribution with probability of success as 0.08 and total number of trials as 20. As per the binomial distribution, the formula for probability of x successes is shown below. P(X=x) = nCx px (1-p)n-x i) Using the formula given above, we get Probability of zero success i.e. P (X=0) = 20C0 (0.08)0(0.92)20 = 0.1887 ii) Using the formula given above, we get Probability of at most 2 successes i.e. P (X2) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) Hence, P(X2) = 20C0 (0.08)0(0.92)20 + 20C1 (0.08)1(0.92)19 + 20C2 (0.08)2(0.92)18 = 0.7879 (ii) Standard deviation = (np(1-p)) = 20*0.08*0.92 = 1.213 Probability associated with student not being left handed = 1-0.08 = 0.92 Requisite probability that given 20 students are all not left handed = 0.9220 = 0.1887 After performing the step shown above, the problem can be represented in the form of a binomial distribution where from 50 trials, the number of successes desired are 10. Requisite probability or P(X=10) = 50C10*0.188710(1-0.1887)40 = 0.137 3. (i) In the given case, we would consider the following two cases. Case 1: Secures project A but does not secure project B Requisite probability in this case = P(A) *P(B-bar) = 0.4*0.7 = 0.28 Case 2: Secures project B but does not secure project A Requisite probability in this case = P(A-bar) *P(B) = 0.6*0.3 = 0.18 Hence, total probability = 0.28 + 0.18 = 0.46 (ii) Probability of not winning project A i.e. P(Not A) = 1-P(A) = 1-0.4= 0.6 Probability of not winning project B i.e. P(Not B) = 1-P(B) = 1-0.3= 0.7 Again, using the addition theory, we get the following. P(Not A or Not B) = P(Not A) + P(Not B) P(Not A Not B) = 0.6 + 0.7 (0.6*0.7) = 0.88 b) If two events are mutually exclusive that does not necessarily imply that these would be independent also. This can be explained as shown below. The condition to be met for events to be categorised as mutually exclusive is that P(A and B) should be zero. However, in case of two independent events A and B, P(A and B) = P(A)*P(B) Thus, if A and B are both mutually exclusive and also independent, then the requisite condition is as follows (Gupta, 2008). P(A)*P(B) = 0 It is evident that the above condition would be satisfied only if atleast one of the terms amongst the above is zero. This is very rarely the case and therefore the independence of the events is not automatically ensured from the mutually exclusive nature of events and this would be true only in very specific case (Hillier, 2006). c) Mutually Exclusive Event (Example) Assume there is an company which has $ 100,000 surplus cash and is exploring two different investment choices which each would require $ 100,000 as the total investment. The company would consider the incremental costs and benefits of each of the projects and then narrow down on one of the projects. This is an example of mutually exclusive event since the company can pursue only one of the projects and not both since the money is limited only for one project. Hence, if one of the projects is chosen, the other is automatically rejected (Jackson, 2012). Independent Event (Example) Assume that a given company has $ 100 million budget for acquisitions. The company is currently carrying a due diligence on two potential targets A and B with requirement of $ 25 million and $ 75 million. Assume that the availability of due diligence staff is not a constraint the acquisition decision is independent since the company has enough resources to go ahead with acquisition of both the targets (Hastie, Tibshirani and Friedman, 2001). References Gupta, S. (2008), Research Methodology and Statistical Techniques, New Delhi: Deep Deep Publications Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. (2001), The Elements of Statistical Learning, New York: Springer Publications Hillier, F. (2006), Introduction to Operations Research. New York: McGraw Hill Publications Jackson, S.L. (2012), Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach, New York: Wadsworth Publishing